Key to Afrotropical species of Lichtwardtia

Afrotropical species of the genus Lichtwardtia Enderlein (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)

Igor Ya. GRICHANOV

Grichanov, I.Ya. Afrotropical species of the genus Lichtwardtia Enderlein (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)

L. emelyanovi sp.n. from Cameroon, L. hollisi sp.n. from Kenya, L. mironovi sp.n. from Ghana, L. nikolaevae sp.n. from Namibia, L. sukharevae sp.n. from Botswana and Madagascar and L. tikhonovi sp.n. from Angola are described. L. metallica (Bezzi), L. violacea (Curran), L. maculata (Parent), L. antennata (Vanschuytbroeck) and L. wittei (Vanschuytbroeck) are placed in synonymy to L. angularis (Macquart). L. microlepis (Parent), L. kivuensis (Vanschuytbroeck) and L. minuta (Vanschuytbroeck) are placed in synonymy to L. fractinervis (Parent). A catalogue and key to Afrotropical species of Lichtwardtia are given.

I.Ya. Grichanov, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Podbelskogo 3, St.Petersburg-Pushkin, 189620, Russia.

Key words: Diptera, Dolichopodidae, Lichtwardtia, Tropical Africa, new species, new synonym, keys.

Introduction

The genus Lichtwardtia Enderlein has Palaeotropical area with two Oriental and Australasian and ten (including new) Afrotropical species. Species of Lichtwardtia differ from the related genera of the subfamily Dolichopodinae in the complex of characters such as follows: one strong anterior subapical seta is present on the middle and hind femora; the face is slightly narrowed at upper third and somewhat widened towards clypeus; wing vein M1+2 is broken in middle of distal part, joining costal vein just before wing tip, having anteroproximal (basal part of M1) and posterodistal (M2) stublike veins; R4+5 and distal part of M1 are nearly parallel; arista is long pubescent.

A revised catalogue and key to Afrotropical species of the genus are given in this paper. L. emelyanovi sp.n. from Cameroon, L. hollisi sp.n. from Kenya, L. mironovi sp.n. from Ghana, L. nikolaevae sp.n. from Namibia, L. sukharevae sp.n. from Botswana and Madagascar and L. tikhonovi sp.n. from Angola are described. L. metallica (Bezzi), L. violacea (Curran), L. maculata (Parent), L. antennata (Vanschuytbroeck) and L. wittei (Vanschuytbroeck) are placed in synonymy to L. angularis (Macquart). L. microlepis (Parent), L. kivuensis (Vanschuytbroeck) and L. minuta (Vanschuytbroeck) are placed in synonymy to L. fractinervis (Parent).

Holotypes and paratypes of the new species are deposited in the Natural History Museum in London [NHML] and the Royal Institute for Natural Sciences, Brussels [RINS]. The other material examined is also kept in the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren [RMCA], the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest [HNHM], Zoological Museum in Copenhagen [ZMUC] and Lund University, Sweden [Lund].

List of known species of Lichtwardtia Enderlein

(for references see Dyte, 1975; Dyte and Smith, 1980)

Genus LICHTWARDTIA Enderlein

LICHTWARDTIA Enderlein, 1912: 406. Type-species: Lichtwardtia formosana Enderlein, 1912 [=Dolichopus ziczac Wiedemann, 1824], by original designation.

=VAALIMYIA Curran, 1926: 398. Type-species: Vaalimyia violacea Curran, 1926 [=Dolichopus angularis Macquart, 1842], by original designation.

aethiopica Bezzi, 1906: 297 (Rhagoneurus). Eritrea.

angularis Macquart, 1842: 185 (125) (Dolichopus). Senegal; Gambia (!), Nigeria (!), Gabon (!), Uganda (!), Kenya (!), Tanzania (!), Congo (Kinshasa), Zambia (!), South Africa, Swaziland (!), Mozambique.

=metallica Bezzi, 1908: 380 (Rhagoneurus), n. syn. Congo (Kinshasa).

=violacea Curran, 1926: 398 (Vaalimyia), n. syn. South Africa.

=maculata Parent, 1936: 322 (Vaalimyia), n. syn. Congo (Kinshasa.

=antennata Vanschuytbroeck, 1951: 50 (Vaalimyia), n. syn. Congo (Kinshasa).

=wittei Vanschuytbroeck, 1951: 46 (Vaalimyia), n. syn. Congo (Kinshasa).

emelyanovi Grichanov, sp.n. Cameroon.

fractinervis Parent, 1929: 175 [1930: 97] (Vaalimyia). Benin; Ghana, Nigeria, Congo (Kinshasa), Uganda (!), Angola (!), Namibia (!), Malawi (!).

=microlepis Parent, 1939:274 (Vaalimyia), n. syn. Ghana.

=kivuensis Vanschuytbroeck, l951: 49 (Vaalimyia), n. syn. Congo (Kinshasa).

=minuta Vanschuytbroeck, 1951: 51 (Vaalimyia), n. syn. Congo (Kinshasa).

hirsutisetis de Meijere, 1916: 229 (Rhagoneurus). Ceylon, Java.

hollisi Grichanov, sp.n. Kenya.

minuscula Parent, 1934: 134 (Vaalimyia). Chad; Tanzania, Ghana (!).

mironovi Grichanov, sp.n. Ghana.

nigrotorquata Parent, 1937: 6 (Vaalimyia). Congo (Kinshasa).

nikolaevae Grichanov, sp.n. Namibia.

sukharevae Grichanov, sp.n. Botswana, Madagascar.

tikhonovi Grichanov, sp.n. Angola.

ziczac Wiedemann, 1824: 40 (Dolichopus). India, Ceylon, Bangladesh, Thailand, Burma, Malaya, Philippines, Indonesia, China, Taiwan, Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands, Admiralty Islands, Australia, New Caledonia.

=coxalis Kertesz, 1901: 411 (Rhagoneurus). Singapore, Malaya.

=formosana Enderlein, 1912: 407 (Lichtwardtia). Formosa.

=polychromus Loew, 1864: 346 (Rhagoneurus). Ceylon.

Descriptions and new records

Lichtwardtia angularis (Macquart)

(Fig. 1)

Type material examined. Holotypus, female [red label] / Musé e du Congo, Katanga: Kando, 4.IV.1931, G.F. de Witte / R. Det. 3092 / Vaalimyia maculata n.sp. Type. O. Parent [RMCA]; holotypus, male [red label] / Congo belge: Uele, Monga (riv. Bili), 450 m, 18.IV au 8.V.1935, G.F. de Witte: 1345 / Coll. Mus. Congo (ex coll. I.P.N.C.B.) / Type [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det. 1950, Vaalimyia wittei n.sp. [RMCA]; holotypus, male [red label] / S.L. Edouard: Kitembo (925 m), 4.IV.36, L. Lippens – 60, Parc Nat. Albert / Coll. Mus. Congo (ex coll. I.P.N.C.B.) / Type [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det. 1950, Vaalimyia antennata n.sp. [RMCA]; female, Kinshasa, Waelbroeck, 25.5.1899 / Rhagioneurus metallicus n.sp. / M. Bezzi – 1908 det. Rhagioneurus metallicus / Type [red label; RINS].

Additional material. 1 male and 1 female, Musée du Congo, S. Afr.: Barberton, 9-6-25 (Munro), Ex col. Curran / R.Det. 1284 / Vaalimyia angularis Macq. (violacea), Det. C.H. Curran [RMCA]; 1 female, Musée du Congo: Lubumbashi, Mt. Katanga, 17-VI-20, Dr. M. Bequaert / R.Det. N 1155 / Vaalimyia violacea, Det. C.H. Curran [RMCA]; 2 males, Congo Belge: P.N.U., Kankunda (1300 m), 22–24.XI.1947, Mis. G.F. de Witte., 1036a / P. Vanschuytbroeck det. 1952: Vaalimyia aethiopica Macq. [RINS]. 2 males, SL Edouard: Eb. Rwindi (1000 m), 9.II.1936, L. Lippens, Parc National Albert, [1 of the males with additional label:] P. Vanschuytbroeck det. 1951: Vaalimyia microlepis Parent [RINS]; 1 male, Congo Belge: P.N.A., 19.VII.1954, P. Vanschuytbroeck & H. Synave, 9204 / Massif Ruwenzori, Litongo, 1575 m [RINS]; 1 male, Congo Belge: P.N.A., Vitshumbi (S. Lac Ed.) (S á la lampe), 13.I.1953, J. Verbeke, KEA [RINS]; 4 males, Congo Belge: P.N.G. Miss H. De Saeger, II/gd/10 (II/ic/10, II/hc/8), 23.IV.1951 (7.IX.1951, 8.VIII.1952), Ré c. H. De Saeger [1 male – Ré c. J. Verschuren], 1590 (2391, 3909) [RMCA]; 3 males [in alcohol], Gabon: Ntoum, 1–31.X.1985, A. Pauly ré c., piege lumineux, Coll. R.I.Sc.N.B.; 11 males, 9 females [in alcohol], Gabon: Ntoum, VIII.1985, A. Pauly ré c., fauchoir, Coll. R.I.Sc.N.B.; 6 males, 4 females [in alcohol], Gabon: Ntoum, X.1985, A. Pauly ré c., bac jaune, plantation sur brú les, Coll. R.I.Sc.N.B.; 2 males, Uganda: Katwe, Lac craté re salin, 20.II.1954 [RINS]; 2 males, 2 females, Uganda: Budongo Forest, Nov. 14, 1972, N. Gonget leg. [ZMUC]; 1 female, Tanzania, Uzungwe Mts., Mwanihana Forest above Sanje, 1000 m, 01.VIII.1981, M. Stoltze & N. Scharff leg., Zool. Museum, Copenhagen; 1 male, Gambia: Outside Abuko Nature Reserve at Waterworks, At light, 19.00–22.00, 26.II.1977, Loc. No. 6, UTM 28PCK214812 / Lund Univ., Syst. Dept., Sweden Gambia/Senegal. Febr.-March 1977, Cederholm – Danielsson – Larsson – Mirestrom – Norling – Samuelsson [Lund]; 1 male, RSA: Cape Prov., Cedarberg, 3 km ESE Kriedowkrans, 32?22' S, 18?59' E, 350 m, 06.X.1994, loc. 10, leg. R. Danielsson [Lund]; 1 male, 1 female, Swaziland: near Milwane Nature Reserve, 26?26' S, 31?11' E, 25.X.1994, loc. 33, leg. R. Danielsson [Lund]; 1 male, Kenya: 9–13.XII.1970, A.E. Stubbs, B.M. 1972-211 / Nairobi, 5500 feet; 1 male, Kenya: 19.XII.1970, A.E. Stubbs, B.M. 1972-211 / Kisumu, 3781 feet [NHML]; 1 male, N. Nigeria: Zaria, Samaru, 4.III.1972, J.L. Musa [NHML]; 1 male, 4 females [on one pin], N. Nigeria: Zaria, Samaru, 11.XI.1970 / J.C. Deeming [NHML]; 1 male (figured), S. Africa: Pirie Dam, II.1944, J. Omer Cooper, B.M. 1948-276 [NHML]; 1 male, N. Rhodesia: Lake Bagweulu dist., IX-XII.1946, M. Steele, B.M. 1947-351.

Description (all measurements from a male collected in Parc National Upemba, Congo Belge). Male. General coloration of body bronze-green to black. Frons and face with violet reflection face densely grey pollinose. One short vertical, one short postvertical, a pair of strong ocellar setae presents. Upper postocular setae black; lower postocular white; ventral postcranium with short sparse cilia. Eyes with microscopic hairs; face glabrous. Face the narrowest at upper third, weakly widening towards palpi; ratio of its minimal width to height 13 : 36; clypeus not reaching lower margin of eyes, convex downward. Antenna 1/4 shorter than height of head, mostly yellow to reddish-brown; 1st flagellomere blackish dorsally to mostly black, budlike, subtriangular or trapezoidal, usually 1.5–2 times longer than high, with drawn-out apex, rarely slightly longer than high, acute or right-angular apicodorsally, with short hairs; arista middorsal, black, sparsely pubescent, with hairs twice longer than basal diameter of arista. Length ratio of scape to pedicel to 1st flagellomere to arista, 8 : 6 : 12 : 35. Palpus and proboscis small, black, with short hairs.

Thorax black, with violet reflection, brownish pollinose; pleura with greenish reflection. 5 strong dorsocentral setae with several hairlike setae in front of the 1st pair, 2 rows of short acrostichals. Propleura with 1 strong black seta and several short hairs. Scutellum with 2 strong setae and 2 very short lateral hairs.

Legs mostly yellow to mostly blackish-brown; fore coxa yellow to brown; other coxae black; femora yellow to brown, sometimes blackish above and laterally; hind tibia yellow with dark apex or entirely dark-brown; hind tarsus usually entirely brown-black. Femora without long hairs. Fore coxa with black hairs and several short apical setae. Fore tibia with 1 strong and 1 fine dorsal, 1 strong and 1 fine posterodorsal, 1 strong posterior, 2-3 short apical setae. Fore tarsus simple, fore basitarsus with short basoventral seta. Length ratio of fore coxa to femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 40 : 54 : 54 : 25 : 12 : 9 : 7 : 8. Middle femur with 1 subapical anterior seta. Middle tibia with 2 dorsal, 2 anterodorsal, 1 ventral and 3 apical setae. 1st to 4th segments of middle tarsus each with elongate apicoventral setula. Length ratio of middle coxa to femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 27 : 77 : 75 : 39 : 20 : 16 : 11 : 8. Hind femur with one subapical anterior seta. Hind tibia with 4 antero-, 4 posterodorsal, 2 ventral, 2 apical setae. Hind basitarsus with 1 short basoventral, 2–3 short apical, 1 strong middorsal setae; 2nd–4th segments simple, with elongate apicoventral setulae. Length ratio of hind coxa to femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 18 : 75 : 90 : 32 : 37 : 28 : 17 : 12.

Wing more or less greyish, darkened along costa, with dark spots at crossveins m-m and m-cu. Costa simple. R1 reaching to first third of wing. R2+3 and R4+5 straight, parallel at apex. Ratio of part of costa between R2+3 and R4+5 to this between R4+5 and M1, 20 : 22. M1+2 broken in middle of distal part, joining costal vein just before wing tip, with anteroproximal (basal part of M1) and posterodistal (M2) stublike veins 1/2 to 2/3 as long as m-m. R4+5 and distal part of M1 weakly divergent or parallel. Crossveins m-m and m-cu straight, almost perpendicular to corresponding longitudinal veins. Ratio of distal part of M1 to m-m to distal part of M1+2 to m-cu to distal part of CuA1, 54 : 12 : 35 : 21 : 28. Anal vein distinct, not reaching to wing margin; anal lobe pronounced; anal angle obtuse. Lower calypter brown, with black setae. Halters brownish-yellow to black-brown.

Abdomen bronze-black, grey pollinose, with black hairs and marginal setae. 8th segment black, with short sparse black hairs. Epandrium of moderate size, elongate-oval, slightly narrowed distad, as long as 4th and 5th tergites combined, black. Hypandrium brown or black, basoventral, 2/3 as long as epandrium, with usually large dorsal or lateral subapical tooth. Aedeagus thin, with dorsal tooth positioned far before apex. Epandrial lobe undeveloped; 3 epandrial setae raising from apicodorsal angle of epandrium. Surstylus light-brown, bilobate; ventral lobe short and broad, subtriangular, with several short distal setae; dorsal lobe of surstylus broad, longer than ventral lobe, with deep distal excavation and 3 short and 1 strong setae around excavation. Distal unpaired epandrial process longer than surstylus, flat, broad (lateral view) and rounded at apex Cercus brownish with black margin, rounded or transverse-oval, with short stem, distinct basoventral angle and straight and curved black cilia half shorter than width of cercus.

Length (mm): body without antennae 3.0–4.5, wing-length 3.0–4.5.

Diagnosis. L. angularis is quite distinct in wing clearly maculated at M2 and m-cu; 1^st flagellomere usually 1.5–2 times longer than high, with drawn-out or acute apex; hind tarsus usually entirely black; distal unpaired epandrial process broad and rounded at apex; cercus rounded or oval, without distinct apex apicodorsally. It has greatly variable colour of legs (from mostly yellow to mostly blackish-brown) and wings, shape and length of the 1^st flagellomere. The shape of cercus and apex of hypandrium is also variable to some extent.

Remark. The type material examined, specimens determined by Curran and Vanschuytbroeck, and published descriptions of L. metallica (Bezzi), L. violacea (Curran), L. maculata (Parent), L. antennata (Vanschuytbroeck) and L. wittei (Vanschuytbroeck) have no principal differences from the redescription of holotype L. angularis (Macquart) by Parent (1926). Keeping in mind a great variability and wide distribution of the material examined, I synonymized all these species.

Distribution: Senegal; Gambia (!), Nigeria (!), Gabon (!), Uganda (!), Kenya (!), Tanzania (!), Congo (Kinshasa), Zambia (!), South Africa, Swaziland (!), Mozambique.

Lichtwardtia mironovi sp.n.

(Fig. 2)

Holotype. Male, Ghana: Kwadaso / 10–24.VII.1965, leg. Endrody-Y. [HNHM].

Paratypes. Male with the same label; female, Ghana: Banda-Nkwanta / VII–VIII.1965, leg. Endrody-Y. [HNHM].

Description. Male. General coloration of body dark-brown. Frons and face brown-black, grey pollinose. One long vertical, one short postvertical, a pair of strong ocellar setae presents. Upper and lower postocular setae black; ventral postcranium glabrous. Eyes with microscopic hairs; face glabrous. Face almost parallel-sided, slightly narrowed at upper third; ratio of its minimal width to height 12 : 20; epistome twice wider than height of 1^st flagellomere; clypeus not reaching lower margin of eyes, slightly convex downward. Antenna entirely orange-brown; 1st flagellomere ovate, as long as high, widest at base, with widely rounded apex and very short hairs; arista middorsal (most part broken). Length ratio of scape to pedicel to 1st flagellomere, 5 : 4 : 7. Palpus and proboscis small, brown-black, with short hairs.

Thorax brown-black, mesonotum slightly shining, brownish pollinose; pleura grey pollinose. 5 strong dorsocentral setae gradually decreasing anteriorly with several hairlike setae in front of the 1st pair, 2 rows of short acrostichals. Propleura with 1 strong black seta above fore coxa. Scutellum with 2 strong setae.

Legs mostly yellow; fore coxa yellow-brown, middle and hind coxae brown except yellow apex; last segments of tarsi brown. Femora without long hairs. Fore coxa with black hairs and several short apical setae. Fore tibia with 1 short dorsal at upper third, 1 short midventral, 2-3 short apical setae. Fore tarsus simple. Length ratio of fore coxa to femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 26 : 40 : 38 : 16 : 7 : 9 : 5 : 5. Middle femur with 1 subapical anterior seta. Middle tibia with 3 anterodorsal, 2 posterodorsal, 1 ventral and 3 apical setae. 1st to 4th segments of middle tarsus each with elongate apicoventral setula. Length ratio of middle coxa to femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 20 : 43 : 50 : 23 : 11 : 9 : 7 : 5. Hind femur with one subapical anterior seta. Hind tibia with 2–3 antero-, 2–3 posterodorsal, 2 short ventral, 2–3 apical setae. Hind basitarsus with 1 short basoventral, 2 short apical, 1 strong middorsal setae; 2nd–4th segments simple, with elongate apicoventral setulae. Length ratio of hind coxa to femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 12 : 46 : 57 : 18 : 19 : 12 : 7 : 8.

Wing yellowish, slightly infumated along costa, at crossveins m-m and m-cu. Costa with long and wide thickening occupying 1^st radial cell almost entirely and narrowing gradually towards 1^st third of 2^nd radial cell. R2+3 and R4+5 straight, parallel at apex. Ratio of part of costa between R2+3 and R4+5 to this between R4+5 and M1+2, 12 : 13. M1+2 broken in middle of distal part, joining costal vein just before wing tip, with anteroproximal (basal part of M1) and posterodistal (M2) stublike veins 1/2 to 2/3 as long as m-m. R4+5 and distal part of M1 distinctly divergent. Crossveins m-m and m-cu straight, almost perpendicular to corresponding longitudinal veins. Ratio of distal part of M1 to m-m to distal part of M1+2 to m-cu to distal part of CuA1, 37 : 5 : 16 : 13 : 17. Anal vein distinct, not reaching to wing margin; anal lobe narrow; anal angle obtuse. Lower calypter brownish-yellow, with black setae. Halters dirty-yellow.

Abdomen blackish-brown, slightly shining, with black hairs and marginal setae. 8th segment black, with short sparse black hairs. Epandrium small, shorter than 4th and 5th tergites combined, subrectangular, slightly longer than high, with short liguliform apicoventral prominence, dark-brown. Hypandrium brown, basoventral, without tooth, pointed at apex, approximately half as long as epandrium. Aedeagus thick, narrowed distad, with strong subapical curvation and pointed apex. Epandrial lobe undeveloped; 1 long and strong and 2 microscopic epandrial setae raising from apicodorsal angle of epandrium. Surstylus light-brown, bilobate; ventral lobe short and broad, subrectangular, with 3 short distal setae; dorsal lobe of surstylus broad, longer than ventral lobe, with deep distal excavation, 1 strong apicoventral and several very short distal setae. Distal unpaired epandrial process very short, hardly visible. Cercus yellow-brown, rounded, without distinct angles, with short black cilia, at most 1/3 as long as diameter of cercus.

Female similar to male except lacking male secondary sexual characters. Arista middorsal, black, sparsely pubescent, with hairs twice longer than basal diameter of arista.

Length (mm): body without antennae 1.8, antenna 0.6, wing-length 1.9, wing-width 0.7, hypopygium 0.5.

Etymology. The species is named for the Russian entomologist, Dr. V.G. Mironov.

Diagnosis. L. mironovi is the smallest species (body 1.8 mm) and the only species in the genus, having costa with long and broad thickening in basal half of wing.

Distribution: Ghana.

Lichtwardtia sukharevae sp.n.

(Fig. 3)

Holotype. Male [in alcohol], Botswana, Madiba Secondary School, Mahalapye, Malaise traps, 16-VI/1-VII-1986, M. De Meyer [RINS].

Paratypes [mostly in alcohol]. Male in glycerol (figured) with the same label; male, Botswana: Serowe, Malaise trap, II.1986, Forchhammer [RINS]; male, Madagascar: Tam, Morarano-Chrome, 1–15.VIII.1991, A. Pauly, foret, 25 km W. [RINS].

Description. Male. Frons metallic blue; face with brown ground colour. One strong vertical, one short postvertical, a pair of strong ocellar setae present. Upper postocular setae black; lower postocular setae white; ventral postcranium with several cilia. Eyes with microscopic hairs; face glabrous. Face the narrowest in middle, weakly widening towards palpi; ratio of its minimal width to height 10 : 35; clypeus nearly reaching lower margin of eyes, convex downward. Antenna nearly equal in length to height of head, yellow-orange; 1st flagellomere brownish dorsally, as long as high, rounded, with rounded apex and short hairs; arista middorsal, black, sparsely pubescent. Length ratio of scape to pedicel to 1st flagellomere to arista, 5 : 5 : 10 : 30. Palpus and proboscis small, yellow, with short hairs.

Mesonotum metallic blue-green; pleura dark-brown. 6 strong dorsocentral setae gradually decreasing anteriorly with several hairlike setae in front of the 1st pair, 2 rows of acrostichals. Propleura with 1 strong black seta and several short hairs. Scutellum with 2 strong setae and 2 microscopic lateral hairs.

Legs mostly yellow; fore coxa entirely yellow, middle coxa mostly brown, hind coxa brown externally, all tarsi brown from tip of basitarsus; hind tibia brownish at apex; hind basitarsus mostly yellow. Femora without long hairs. Fore coxa with black hairs and several apical setae. Fore tibia with short setae: 1 or 2 anterodorsal, 1 posterodorsal, 1 posterior, 2 apical setae in addition to long fine apicoventral seta half as long as basitarsus. Fore tarsus simple. Length ratio of fore coxa to femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 35 : 50 : 50 : 26 : 12 : 10 : 7 : 7. Middle femur with 1 subapical anterior seta. Middle tibia with 4 anterodorsal, 2 posterodorsal, 1 ventral and 5 apical setae. 1st to 3rd segments of middle tarsus each with elongate apical setulae. Length ratio of middle coxa to femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 28 : 61 : 66 : 33 : 16 : 12 : 10 : 8. Hind femur with one subapical anterior seta. Hind tibia with 3–4 antero-, 3–4 posterodorsal, 2 short ventral, 3 apical setae. Hind basitarsus with 1 strong dorsal at apical third, 1 short basoventral and 1 short apicoventral setae; 4^th segment in apical half and 5^th segment flattened and slightly dilated. Length ratio of hind coxa to femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 22 : 65 : 77 : 35 : 37 : 25 : 15 : 9.

Wing weakly infumated in anterior half, without spots. Costa with punctiform ventral thickening at R1. R1 reaching to first third of wing. R2+3 and R4+5 almost straight, parallel at apex. Ratio of part of costa between R2+3 and R4+5 to this between R4+5 and M1+2, 22 : 10. M1+2 broken in middle of distal part, joining costal vein just before wing tip, with very short anteroproximal (basal part of M1) and posterodistal (M2) stublike veins. R4+5 and distal part of M1 parallel. Crossvein m-m oblique; m-cu slightly convex, almost perpendicular to adjacent longitudinal veins. Ratio of distal part of M1 to m-m to distal part of M1+2 to m-cu to distal part of CuA1, 47 : 7 : 28 : 22 : 25. Anal vein distinct, not reaching to wing margin; anal lobe pronounced; anal angle obtuse or nearly right. Lower calypter yellow, with black setae. Halters yellow.

Abdomen green-brown, with black hairs and short marginal setae. 8th segment black, with short sparse black hairs. Epandrium of moderate size, as long as 4^th and 5^th tergites combined, elongate-oval, narrowed distally, twice longer than high, with sinuate ventral margin (lateral view), brown. Hypandrium light-brown, raising at basal 1/3 of epandrium, very short, 1/3 as long as epandrium, with middorsal tooth. Aedeagus thin and long, with small dorsal tooth positioned far before apex. Epandrial lobe undeveloped; 2 short epandrial setae raising from dorsal side of epandrium subapically. Surstylus yellow, bilobate; ventral lobe short, digitiform, curved dorsad, with 2 medial and 1 apical short setae; dorsal lobe of surstylus undulate, ribbon-like, broad, very long, half as long as cercus, bilobate at apex, with 2 strong ventral and several very short lateral setae in third quarter. Distal unpaired epandrial process short, narrow, with pointed apex. Cercus longer than epandrium, elongate-triangular, yellow, with brown distal and basoventral tapering apices and curved, pedunculate ventrally cilia equal in length to medial width of cercus.

Female unknown.

Length (mm): body without antennae 2.9 (holotype), 2.6–3.4, antenna 0.7, wing-length 2.9 (holotype), 2.6–3.4, wing-width 0.9, hypopygium 1.3.

Etymology. The species is named for the Russian entomologist, Dr. I.L. Sukhareva.

Diagnosis. The new species is easily distinguished by last two segments of hind tarsus dilated; cercus subtriangular, longer than epandrium, with long pointed apex; short hypandrium and long surstylus. Paratype from Madagascar has 1^st flagellomere largely brown in distodorsal half.

Distribution: Botswana, Madagascar.

Lichtwardtia minuscula (Parent)

(Fig. 4)

Material examined. 2 males, Ghana: Kumasi, 1-25.VI.1965, leg. Endrody-Y. [HNHM]; 2 males, 1 female, Ghana: Banda-Nkwanta / VII–VIII.1965, leg. Endrody-Y. [figured]; 2 females, Ghana: Kwadaso / 10–24.VII.1965, leg. Endrody-Y.; 1 female, Ghana: Northern Reg., Yendi / 10–24.VII.1965, leg. Endrody-Y. [HNHM].

Diagnosis. L. minuscula is characterised by the following characters. Face densely white pollinose. Wing hyaline. Distal part of M1+2 (from m-cu to m-m) 1.5 times longer than m-cu and 2/3 as long as distal part of M1 (from m-m to C). Hind basitarsus with 1 reduced dorsal seta, at most 1/4 as long as basitarsus. Epandrium of moderate size, elongate, swollen basally, narrow distally, twice longer than high, with concave ventral margin (lateral view). Hypandrium simple, basoventral, nearly as long as epandrium, without tooth. Aedeagus thin and long, with small dorsal tooth positioned at middle of full length of epandrium. Epandrial lobe undeveloped; 3 strong epandrial setae raising from dorsal side of epandrium in apical third; 2 epandrial setae positioned on apicoventral prominence. Surstylus bilobate; ventral lobe short, digitiform, rounded at apex, with several short apical and subapical setae; dorsal lobe of surstylus somewhat longer and wider than ventral, broad at base, narrowed at apex, half as long as cercus, with 2 dorsal and 2 subapical short setae. Distal unpaired epandrial process very narrow, nearly as long as surstylus. Cercus 1/3 as long as epandrium, twice longer than wide, elongate-oval, with acute distodorsal apex and long ventral cilia, of which apical cilia equal in length to medial width of cercus. Size 2.25 mm

Distribution: Chad; Tanzania, Ghana (!).

Lichtwardtia emelyanovi sp.n.

(Fig. 5)

Holotype. Male, B. Cameroons: Kumba, 26.X.1949, H. Oldroyd, B.M. 1950-2 [NHML].

Description. Male. Frons metallic black-violet; face densely silvery-white pollinose, slightly shining blue under antennae, with brown ground colour. One strong and long vertical, one short postvertical, a pair of strong ocellar setae present. Upper postocular setae black; lower postocular setae white; ventral postcranium with short sparse cilia. Eyes with microscopic hairs; face glabrous. Face the narrowest at upper third, weakly widening towards palpi; ratio of its minimal width to height 9 : 38; clypeus not reaching lower margin of eyes, convex downward. Antenna yellow-orange; 1st flagellomere brown dorsally, as long as high, subtriangular, right-angular apicodorsally, with short hairs; arista middorsal, black (2^ndsegment broken). Length ratio of scape to pedicel to 1st flagellomere, 9 : 6 : 10. Palpus and proboscis small, yellow, with short light hairs.

Mesonotum metallic greenish-blue, brownish pollinose; pleura greenish-black, whitish pollinose. 5 strong dorsocentral setae gradually decreasing anteriorly with several hairlike setae in front of the 1st pair, 2 rows of acrostichals. Propleura with 1 strong black seta and several short hairs. Scutellum with 2 strong setae and 2 very short lateral hairs.

Legs including coxae mostly yellow; middle coxa with brown external spot, apical segments of tarsi brown. Femora without long hairs. Fore coxa with black hairs and several apical setae. Fore tibia with short setae: 1 anterodorsal, 1 posterodorsal, 1 posterior, and 3 apical setae. Fore tarsus simple, fore basitarsus with short basoventral seta. Length ratio of fore coxa to femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 36 : 57 : 59 : 26 : 14 : 11 : 9 : 9. Middle femur with 1 subapical anterior seta. Middle tibia with 3 anterodorsal, 2 posterodorsal, 1 ventral and 4–5 apical setae. 1st to 3rd segments of middle tarsus each with elongate apical setulae. Length ratio of middle coxa to femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 27 : 75 : 85 : 40 : 21 : 17 : 10 : 11. Hind femur with one subapical anterior seta. Hind tibia with 2–3 antero-, 2 posterodorsal, 2 short ventral, 2–3 apical setae. Hind tarsus simple. Hind basitarsus with short setae: 1 basoventral, 1 apicoventral and 1 stronger middorsal setae. Length ratio of hind coxa to femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 22 : 73 : 95 : 32 : 34 : 22 : 15 : 11.

Wing evenly greyish, without spots. Costa simple. R1 reaching to first third of wing. R2+3 and R4+5 almost straight, parallel in apical half. Ratio of part of costa between R2+3 and R4+5 to this between R4+5 and M1+2, 23 : 13. M1+2 broken in middle of distal part, joining costal vein just before wing tip, with anteroproximal (basal part of M1) and posterodistal (M2) stublike veins 1/2 to 4/5 as long as m-m. R4+5 and distal part of M1 parallel. Crossveins m-m and m-cu straight, perpendicular to corresponding longitudinal veins. Ratio of distal part of M1 to m-m to distal part of M1+2 to m-cu to distal part of CuA1, 62 : 7 : 21 : 20 : 23. Anal vein distinct, not reaching to wing margin; anal lobe pronounced; anal angle obtuse. Lower calypter yellow, with black setae. Halters yellow.

Abdomen green-black, whitish pollinose, with black hairs and marginal setae. 8th segment black, with short sparse black hairs. Epandrium of moderate size, slightly longer than 4^th and 5^th tergites combined, elongate, swollen basally, narrow in distal half, twice longer than high, with strongly concave ventral margin (lateral view) and digitiform apicoventral projection, brown-black. Hypandrium dark-brown, basoventral, 2/3 as long as epandrium, with large subapical dorsal tooth. Aedeagus thin and long, with large dorsal tooth positioned far before apex and additional small tooth beyond middle of full length of aedeagus. One small epandrial seta at base of hypandrium; another strong seta positioned just before epandrial lobe. Epandrial lobe digitiform, with short apical seta. Surstylus dark-yellow, bilobate; ventral lobe digitiform, straight, with several apical and dorsal short setae; dorsal lobe of surstylus broad, slightly longer than ventral, 1/3 as long as cercus, with three distal projections as figured, 1 apicoventral and 2 very short distal setae around deep distal emargination. Distal unpaired epandrial process short, narrow, hardly visible. Cercus yellow, broadly black in apical angle, elongate, 1/3 as long as epandrium, nearly twice longer than wide, with acute distodorsal apex and straight and curved black cilia half as long as width of cercus.

Female unknown.

Length (mm): body without antennae 2.6, wing-length 3.0, wing-width 1.0, hypopygium 0.9.

Etymology. The species is named for the Russian entomologist, Dr. V.A. Emelyanov.

Diagnosis. The new species is close to L. minuscula in densely white pollinose face, hyaline wing; hind basitarsus with 1 reduced dorsal seta, at most 1/3 as long as basitarsus. L. emelyanovi differs in somewhat larger size, distal part of M1+2 equal in length to m-cu and 1/3 as long as distal part of M1 and characters of hypopygium. Hypandrium with large subapical dorsal tooth. Aedeagus with large dorsal tooth positioned far before apex and additional small tooth beyond middle of full length of aedeagus. One small epandrial seta at base of hypandrium; another strong seta positioned just before epandrial lobe. Epandrial lobe digitiform, with short apical seta. Distal unpaired epandrial process short, narrow, hardly visible.

Distribution: Cameroon.

Lichtwardtia hollisi sp.n.

(Figs. 6, 7)

Holotype. Male, Kenya (28): Kakamega forest, c. 5,000’, 18–19.VII.1974, D. Hollis / B.M. 1974-528 [NHML].

Description. Male. Frons metallic-blue, brownish pollinose; face with metallic-blue reflection under antenna and brownish clypeus, densely silvery-white pollinose. One strong vertical, one short postvertical, a pair of strong ocellar setae present. Upper postocular setae black; lower postocular white; ventral postcranium with sparse black and white cilia. Eyes with microscopic hairs; face glabrous. Face the narrowest at upper third, distinctly widening towards palpi; ratio of its minimal width to height 12 : 53; clypeus reaching lower margin of eyes, convex downward. Antenna as long as height of head, yellow-brownish; 1st flagellomere brown dorsally, elongate-triangular, 1.5 times longer than high, acute apicodorsally, with short hairs; arista middorsal, black, sparsely pubescent, with hairs 2–3 times longer than basal diameter of arista. Length ratio of scape to pedicel to 1st flagellomere to arista, 14 : 6 : 22 : 50. Palpus and proboscis small, yellow-brownish, with short black hairs.

Mesonotum metallic dark-blue-green, brownish pollinose; pleura green-black, whitish pollinose. 5 strong dorsocentral setae gradually decreasing anteriorly with several hairlike setae in front of the 1st pair, 2 rows of acrostichals. Propleura with 1 strong black seta above fore coxa and several short hairs. Scutellum with 2 strong setae and 2 very short lateral hairs.

Legs mostly yellow; fore coxa yellow, middle coxa brown with yellow apex, hind coxa yellow with brown external spot, apical segments of fore and middle tarsi brownish, hind tarsus brown from tip of basitarsus. Femora without long hairs. Fore coxa with black hairs and several long apical setae. Fore tibia with 1 strong and 1 fine anterodorsal, 1 strong and 1 fine posterodorsal, 1 strong posteroventral, 3 strong apical setae and dorsal row of elongated setulae in apical half. Fore tarsus simple, fore basitarsus with short basoventral seta. Length ratio of fore coxa to femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 60 : 92 : 88 : 47 : 25 : 17 : 12 : 11. Middle femur with 1 subapical anterior seta. Middle tibia with 4 dorsal or anterodorsal, 2 posterodorsal, 1 ventral and 5 apical setae. 1st to 4th segments of middle tarsus each with elongate apical setulae. Length ratio of middle coxa to femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 55 : 118 : 136 : 70 : 32 : 24 : 19 : 10. Hind femur with one subapical anterior seta. Hind tibia with 4 antero-, 3 posterodorsal, 2 ventral, 2 apical setae. Hind basitarsus with 1 short basoventral, 2–3 short apical, 1 strong middorsal setae; 2nd–3rd segments with elongate apicoventral setulae. Length ratio of hind coxa to femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 45 : 125 : 150 : 51 : 53 : 31 : 22 : 13.

Wing evenly brownish. Costa with punctiform posteroventral thickening just before R1. R1 reaching to first third of wing. R2+3 and R4+5 straight, slightly divergent at apex. Ratio of part of costa between R2+3 and R4+5 to this between R4+5 and M1+2, 42 : 23. M1+2 broken in middle of distal part, joining costal vein just before wing tip, with anteroproximal (basal part of M1) and posterodistal (M2) stublike veins 1/2 as long as or equal to m-m. R4+5 and distal part of M1 parallel. Crossveins m-m and m-cu straight, almost perpendicular to corresponding longitudinal veins. Ratio of distal part of M1 to m-m to distal part of M1+2 to m-cu to distal part of CuA1, 92 : 15 : 58 : 42 : 42. Anal vein distinct, almost reaching to wing margin; anal lobe well developed; anal angle obtuse. Lower calypter yellow, with black setae. Halters yellow.

Abdomen metallic bronze-green to black, grey pollinose, with black hairs and marginal setae. 8th segment black, with sparse black hairs. Epandrium elongate, 1/3 longer than 4th and 5th tergites combined, more than twice longer than high, slightly narrowed distad, with almost right-angular apicoventral angle, black-brown. Hypandrium brown, basoventral, half as long as epandrium, with large subapical dorsal tooth. Aedeagus thin and long, with dorsal tooth positioned not far before apex and additional pair of teeth before the first tooth. One small epandrial seta at base of hypandrium; 3 strong pedunculate setae positioned just before apicoventral angle. Epandrial lobe undeveloped. Surstylus light-brown, bilobate; ventral lobe broad, widely rounded at apex, with 1 long basoventral, 2 apicoventral, 2 curved midlateral setae and thick apicodorsal spine directed basad; dorsal lobe of surstylus broad, longer than ventral, half as long as cercus, with apicoventral and apicodorsal pointed projections and shallow distal emargination as figured, 1 subapical ventral, 1 apical dorsal and 2 strong subapical lateral. Distal unpaired epandrial process long, narrow, nearly as long as surstylus. Cercus yellow, narrowly brown along margin, rounded ventrally, with distinct distodorsal apex and straight and curved black cilia shorter than diameter of cercus.

Female unknown.

Length (mm): body without antennae 4.2, antenna 1.2, wing-length 5.0, hypopygium 1.6.

Etymology. The species is named for the collector, Dr. D. Hollis.

Diagnosis. The new species is characterised by the following characters. Face densely silvery-white pollinose; 1^st flagellomere 1.5 times longer than high; wing evenly greyish; fore tibia with one strong and long posterior seta, at least twice longer than diameter of tibia; hind basitarsus with 1 strong dorsal seta, half as long as basitarsus; hypandrium with dorsal subapical tooth; apicoventral epandrial lobe undeveloped, with epandrial setae raising from epandrium; ventral lobe of surstylus broad, with long basoventral seta and long thick apical spine directed basad; distal unpaired epandrial process narrow and pointed at apex; cercus with distinct distodorsal apex.

Distribution: Kenya.

Lichtwardtia tikhonovi sp.n.

(Fig. 8)

Holotype. Male, Angola (A2): Rocadas, R. Cunene, 19–22.II.1972 / Southern African Exp. B.M. 1972-1.

Description. Male. Frons metallic-blue, slightly brownish pollinose; face with brown ground colour, densely silvery-white pollinose. One strong vertical, one shorter postvertical, a pair of strong ocellar setae present. Upper postocular setae black; lower postocular white; ventral postcranium with several white cilia. Eyes with microscopic hairs; face glabrous. Face almost parallel-sided, slightly narrowed at upper third; ratio of its minimal width to height 10 : 26; clypeus not reaching lower margin of eyes, convex downward. Antenna slightly shorter than height of head, mostly yellow; 1st flagellomere brown apicodorsally, subtriangular, slightly longer than high (14 : 12), acute apicodorsally, with short hairs; arista middorsal, black, sparsely pubescent, with hairs 2–3 times longer than basal diameter of arista. Length ratio of scape to pedicel to 1st flagellomere to arista, 9 : 6 : 14 : 45. Palpus and proboscis small, yellow-brownish, with short black hairs; palpus white pollinose.

Legs mostly yellow; fore coxa yellow with grey reflection, middle and hind coxae brown; tarsi brown from tip of basitarsus. Femora without long hairs. Fore coxa with black hairs and several long apical setae. Fore tibia with 1 strong and 2 fine anterodorsal, 1 strong and 1 fine posterodorsal, 1 strong and 1 fine posteroventral, 3 apical setae and dorsal row of elongated setulae in apical half. Fore tarsus simple, fore basitarsus with short basoventral seta. Length ratio of fore coxa to femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 50 : 76 : 75 : 40 : 16 : 14 : 11 : 11. Middle femur with 1 subapical anterior seta. Middle tibia with 4 anterodorsal, 2 posterodorsal, 1 ventral and 5 apical setae. 1st to 4th segments of middle tarsus each with elongate apical setulae. Length ratio of middle coxa to femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 40 : 100 : 103 : 54 : 26 : 23 : 16 : 15. Hind femur with one subapical anterior seta. Hind tibia with 4 antero-, 4 posterodorsal, 2 ventral, 2 apical setae. Hind basitarsus with 1 short basoventral, 2–3 short apical, 1 strong middorsal setae; 2nd–3rd segments with elongate apicoventral setulae. Length ratio of hind coxa to femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 27 : 103 : 117 : 42 : 46 : 33 : 22 : 16.

Wing evenly brownish, almost hyaline along posterior margin. Costa simple. R1 reaching to first third of wing. R2+3 and R4+5 almost straight, nearly parallel at apex. Ratio of part of costa between R2+3 and R4+5 to this between R4+5 and M1+2, 29 : 18. M1+2 broken in middle of distal part, joining costal vein just before wing tip, with anteroproximal (basal part of M1) and posterodistal (M2) stublike veins 2/3 as long as or equal to m-m. R4+5 and distal part of M1 parallel. Crossveins m-m and m-cu straight, almost perpendicular to corresponding longitudinal veins. Ratio of distal part of M1 to m-m to distal part of M1+2 to m-cu to distal part of CuA1, 62 : 10 : 40 : 27 : 32. Anal vein distinct, almost reaching to wing margin; anal lobe well developed; anal angle obtuse. Lower calypter yellow, with black setae. Halters yellow.

Abdomen metallic bronze-green, grey pollinose, with black hairs and marginal setae. 8th segment black, with sparse black hairs. Epandrium elongate, twice longer than high, distinctly narrowed distad, with right apicoventral angle. Hypandrium basoventral, 2/3 as long as epandrium, broad, narrowed in apical half, with pointed apex, without dorsal tooth. Aedeagus thin and long, with strong dorsal tooth positioned far before apex. One strong epandrial seta at middle of epandrium; 2 other strong setae positioned at distal 1/6 of epandrium. Epandrial lobe undeveloped. Surstylus bilobate; ventral lobe broadened in middle, narrowed basally and distally, acute at apex, with several short subapical setae; dorsal lobe of surstylus broad, longer than ventral, half as long as cercus, with 2 short apicoventral, 1 distal and 1 apicodorsal setae and shallow distal excision as figured. Distal unpaired epandrial process long, narrow, with pointed apex, longer than surstylus. Cercus 1/3 as long as epandrium, 1.5 times longer than wide, with long stem, acute distodorsal apex and curved black ventral cilia nearly as long as width of cercus.

Female unknown.

Length (mm): body without antennae 3.7, antenna 0.9, wing-length 3.8, hypopygium 1.15.

Etymology. The species is named for the Russian entomologist, Dr. V.V. Tikhonov.

Diagnosis. L. tikhonovi is similar to L. hollisi in almost all respects except as noted. 1^st flagellomere as long as high. Epandrium elongate, twice longer than high, distinctly narrowed distad, with right apicoventral angle. Hypandrium 2/3 as long as epandrium, broad, narrowed in apical half, with pointed apex, without dorsal tooth. Aedeagus thin and long, with strong dorsal tooth positioned far before apex. One strong epandrial seta at middle of epandrium; 2 other strong setae positioned at distal 1/6 of epandrium. Surstylus with ventral lobe broadened in middle, narrowed basally and distally, acute at apex, with several short subapical setae; dorsal lobe of surstylus with 2 short apicoventral, 1 distal and 1 apicodorsal setae and shallow distal excision as figured.

Distribution: Angola.

Lichtwardtia fractinervis (Parent),

(Figs. 9–11)

Type material examined. Holotypus male [red label] / Congo belge: Uele, Monga, 450 m, 18.IV au 8.V.1935, G.F. de Witte: 1335 / Coll. Mus. Congo (ex coll. I.P.N.C.B.) / Type [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det. 1950, Vaalimyia minuta n.sp. [RMCA]; Holotypus female [red label] / Congo belge: Kivu, Rutshuru, 1285 m, 22.V au 4.VI.1934, G.F. de Witte: 427 / Coll. Mus. Congo (ex coll. I.P.N.C.B.) / Type [red label] / P. Vanschuytbroeck det. 1950, Vaalimyia kivuensis n.sp. [RMCA].

Additional material. 1 male, Congo Belge: Eala, III.1936, J. Ghesquiere / R. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. 10482 / Vaalimyia fractinervis Par., O. Parent / O. Parent det. 1936: Vaalimyia fractinervis Par.; 2 males, Congo Belg.: P.N.G., Miss H. De Saeger, II/gd/4, 5.VII.1951 [figured] [&] 8.V.1952, H. De Saeger, 2052 [&] 3449 [RMCA]; 11 males, Congo Belge: P.N.G. Miss H. De Saeger, II/HD/8 [II/gc/8; II/gc/9; II/gd/4; II/gd/10; II/dd/9; II/fd/17; Pidigala; Mabanga; Dedegwa], 3.VIII.1951 [28.IX.1951, 23.IV.1952, 21.V.1952, 7.VII.1952, 9.VII.1952, 10.VII.1952, 8.VIII.1952, 29.IX.1952], H. De Saeger, 2195, 2481, 3358, 3499, 3758, 3763, 3765, 3909, 3923, 4103 [RMCA]; 1 male, Uganda: Segibwa Falls, E.G. Gibbins, B.M. 1938-142 / Attracted by human faeces, 29.III.1935; 1 male, Uganda: Ruwenzori Range, Bundibugyo, 3440 ft., 22.VIII-3.XI.1952, D.S. Fletcher / Ruwenzori Exped. B.M. 1952-566; 4 males, Uganda: Ruwenzori Range, Semliki Forest, 2850 ft., 22.VIII–3.XI.1952, D.S. Fletcher / Ruwenzori Exped. B.M. 1952-566; 1 male, S.W. Africa (W43), Onguma Fm., 55 mls NW Tsumeb, 17–19.II.1972 / Southern African Exp. B.M. 1972-1; 4 males, Angola (A11): Bruco, 26.II–2.III.1972 / Southern African Exp. B.M. 1972-1 / [1 male with additional label:] Malaise trap; 10 males [figured], Angola (A2): Rocadas, R. Cunene, 19–22.II.1972 / at light / Southern African Exp. B.M. 1972-1; 1 male, Angola (A37): 5 mls NE Negola, 25.III.1972 / at light / Southern African Exp. B.M. 1972-1; 2 males, N. Nigeria: Zaria, Samaru, 2.IX.1971, J.C. Deeming [NHML]; 1 male, N. Nigeria: Niger Prov., Kurmi, 55 miles S. of Kontagora, 28.VII.1971, J.C. Deeming [NHML]; 1 male, Nyasaland, W.J. Gray, B.M. 1958-588 / C.A.S., Mazabuka, 1.II.55, on lab. window.

Description (all measurements from a male collected in Parc National Garamba, Congo Belge, 5.VII.1951). Male. Frons metallic blue, brownish pollinose; face with yellowish-silvery or light-golden (rarely brownish) pollination; epistome has brown, clypeus yellow or brown ground colour. One strong vertical, one short postvertical, a pair of strong ocellar setae present. Upper postocular setae black; lower postocular setae white; ventral postcranium with short sparse cilia. Eyes with microscopic hairs; face glabrous. Face the narrowest at upper third, weakly widening towards palpi; ratio of its minimal width to height 10 : 40; clypeus nearly reaching lower margin of eyes, convex downward. Antenna as long as height of head, yellow-orange; 1st flagellomere brownish dorsally, as long as high, sometimes 1.5 times longer than high, narrowed apicad, rounded or right-angular apicodorsally, with short hairs; arista middorsal, black, sparsely pubescent, with hairs twice longer than basal diameter of arista. Length ratio of scape to pedicel to 1st flagellomere to arista, 10 : 7 : 14 : 44. Palpus and proboscis small, yellow to brown, with short light hairs.

Mesonotum metallic bluish-green, brownish pollinose; pleura greenish-black, whitish pollinose. 5 strong dorsocentral setae gradually decreasing anteriorly with several hairlike setae in front of the 1st pair, 2 rows of short acrostichals. Propleura with 1 strong black seta and several short hairs. Scutellum with 2 strong setae and 2 very short lateral hairs.

Legs mostly yellow; fore coxa yellow, middle coxa mostly brown, hind coxa mostly brown or yellow with brown external spot, apical segments of fore tarsus brown; middle tarsus black from tip of basitarsus, hind tibia entirely and hind tarsus in basal half yellow, sometimes hind tibia in apical 1/4 or 1/5 and hind tarsus entirely black. Femora without long hairs. Fore coxa with black hairs and several apical setae. Fore tibia with 1 strong and 1 fine anterodorsal, 1 strong and 1 fine posterodorsal, 1 short posteroventral, 3 strong apical setae. Fore tarsus simple, fore basitarsus with short basoventral seta. Length ratio of fore coxa to femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 44 : 65 : 65 : 34 : 17 : 15 : 11 : 10. Middle femur with 1 subapical anterior seta. Middle tibia with 3 anterodorsal, 2 posterodorsal, 1 ventral and 3 apical setae. 1st to 3rd segments of middle tarsus each with elongate apical setula. Length ratio of middle coxa to femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to third), 40 : 88 : 97 : 50 : 34 : 22. Hind femur with one subapical anterior seta. Hind tibia with 3–4 antero-, 2–3 posterodorsal, 2 short ventral, 2–3 apical setae. Hind basitarsus with 1 short basoventral, 1 strong middorsal setae. Length ratio of hind coxa to femur to tibia to basitarsus, 30 : 84 : 97 : 40.

Wing evenly greyish, without spots. Costa with punctiform thickening at R1 or simple. R1 reaching to first third of wing. R2+3 and R4+5 almost straight, parallel at apex. Ratio of part of costa between R2+3 and R4+5 to this between R4+5 and M1+2, 25 : 21. M1+2 broken in middle of distal part, joining costal vein just before wing tip, with anteroproximal (basal part of M1) and posterodistal (M2) stublike veins 1/2 to 2/3 as long as m-m. R4+5 and distal part of M1 parallel. Crossveins m-m and m-cu nearly straight, almost perpendicular to corresponding longitudinal veins. Ratio of distal part of M1 to m-m to distal part of M1+2 to m-cu to distal part of CuA1, 60 : 9 : 32 : 22 : 25. Anal vein distinct, not reaching to wing margin; anal lobe pronounced; anal angle obtuse. Lower calypter yellow, with black setae. Halters yellow.

Abdomen green-black, whitish pollinose, with black hairs and marginal setae. 8th segment black, with short sparse black hairs. Epandrium usually large, elongate, as long as 2nd to 5th tergites combined, often much smaller, more than twice longer than high, slightly narrowed distad, with more or less distinct apicoventral prominence, brown-black. Hypandrium dark-brown, basoventral, more than half as long as epandrium, with rounded or pointed apex and subapical dorsal tooth. Aedeagus thin and long, with dorsal tooth positioned far before apex. One small epandrial seta at base of hypandrium; another strong seta positioned just before epandrial lobe. Epandrial lobe digitiform, usually concealed, with 1 apical and 1 middorsal setae. Surstylus dark-yellow, bilobate; ventral lobe broad, widely rounded at apex, with 1 not very long basoventral, 2–3 short apicoventral, 2 curved midlateral setae and thick apicodorsal spine directed basad; dorsal lobe of surstylus broad, longer than ventral, nearly as long as cercus, with apicoventral and apicodorsal projections of various shape and deep distal emargination as figured, 2–3 short subapical ventral, 1 apical and 1 subapical strong setae. Distal unpaired epandrial process long, narrow, nearly as long as surstylus. Cercus yellow, narrowly black along margin, regularly subtriangular, with long stem and straight and curved black cilia half as long as diameter of cercus.

Length (mm): body without antennae 2.7–3.2, antenna 0.9, wing-length 2.9–3.4, wing-width 1.1, hypopygium 1.4.

Diagnosis. L. fractinervis is characterised by the following characters. Face with yellowish-silvery or light-golden (rarely brownish) pollination; 1^stflagellomere as long as high, sometimes 1.5 times longer than high, rounded or right-angular apicodorsally; wing evenly greyish; fore tibia with one short, though strong posterior seta, slightly longer than diameter of tibia; hind basitarsus with 1 strong dorsal seta, half as long as basitarsus. Epandrium usually large; hypandrium with dorsal subapical tooth; apicoventral epandrial lobe digitiform, with 1 apical and 1 middorsal setae; ventral lobe of surstylus broad, with not very long basoventral seta and thick apical spine directed basad; distal unpaired epandrial process narrow and pointed at apex; cercus regularly subtriangular.

Remark. The type material examined and published descriptions of L. microlepis (Parent), L. kivuensis (Vanschuytbroeck) and L. minuta (Vanschuytbroeck) have no principal differences from the descriptions of female holotype and male L. fractinervis by Parent (1930, 1937), as well as from male [RINS] determined by Parent as Vaalimyia fractinervis. Keeping in mind a great variability and wide distribution of the material examined, I synonymized all these species.

Distribution: Benin; Ghana, Nigeria, Congo (Kinshasa), Uganda (!), Angola (!), Namibia (!), Malawi (!).

Lichtwardtia nigrotorquata (Parent)

(Fig. 12)

Type material examined. Holotypus female [red label] / Congo Belge: Eala, 19-XI-1936, J. Ghesquiere / R. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. 10482 / O. Parent det. 1937: Vaalimyia nigrotorquata Par. / Type [red label] / cf. Bul. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg., XIII, 18 (1937), p. 6, pl. 2,3, fig. 18,19 [RINS]; paratype male [without abdomen], Congo-belge: Eala, VIII-1936, J. Ghesquiere / R. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. 10482 / Vaalimyia nigrotorquata, Type, n.sp., O. Parent / O. Parent det. 1936: Vaalimyia nigrotorquata, n.sp., O. Parent [RINS].

Additional material. 2 males, Congo Belge: P.N.G., Miss H. De Saeger, II/fd/17 [&] II/fd/4, 9.VII.1951 [figured] [&] 18.VI.1951, H. De Saeger, 2056 [&] 1943 [RMCA].

Diagnosis. L. nigrotorquata is similar to L. fractinervis in almost all respects except as noted. Epistome entirely metallic bluish-green; clypeus weakly pollinose. Epandrium large, elongate, nearly twice longer than high, distinctly narrowed distad, with rounded apicoventral angle. Hypandrium basoventral, more than half as long as epandrium, gradually narrowed distad, with pointed apex, without dorsal tooth. Aedeagus thin and long, with small dorsal subapical tooth. One small epandrial seta at base of hypandrium; another strong pedunculate seta positioned just before epandrial lobe. Epandrial lobe prominent, bifurcated, bearing 2 short apical setae. Surstylus bilobate; ventral lobe broad in middle, narrowed basally and distally, pointed at apex, with 1 short basoventral, 4 very short subapical and 2 short midlateral setae; dorsal lobe of surstylus broad, as long as ventral, 2/3 as long as cercus, with apicoventral and apicodorsal projections bearing very short setae and deep distal emargination as figured. Distal unpaired epandrial process long, broad, with rounded apex, nearly as long as surstylus. Cercus suboval, slightly longer than wide, with short stem and straight and curved black cilia 1/3 as long as width of cercus.

Distribution: Congo (Kinshasa).

Lichtwardtia nikolaevae sp.n.

(Fig. 13)

Holotype. Male, S.W. Africa (30), Ameib Farm, 19 mls NW Karibib; 31.I–2.II.1972 / Southern African Exp. B.M. 1972-1 [NHML].

Description. Male. Frons metallic blue, slightly pollinose; face entirely silvery-white pollinose; epistome brown, with metallic green reflection under antennae; clypeus with yellow or brown ground colour. One strong vertical, one short postvertical, a pair of strong ocellar setae presents. Upper postocular setae black; lower postocular setae white; ventral postcranium with sparse cilia. Eyes with microscopic hairs; face glabrous. Face the narrowest at upper third, weakly widening towards palpi; ratio of its minimal width to height 12 : 35; clypeus not reaching lower margin of eyes, convex downward. Antenna as long as height of head, yellow-orange; 1st flagellomere brownish apically and dorsally, as long as high, right-angular apicodorsally, with short hairs; arista middorsal, black, sparsely pubescent, with hairs 2–3 times longer than basal diameter of arista. Length ratio of scape to pedicel to 1st flagellomere to arista, 8 : 6 : 10 : 38. Palpus and proboscis small, brown, with short light hairs; palpus whitish pollinose.

Mesonotum metallic greenish-violet, brownish pollinose; pleura greenish-black, whitish pollinose. 5 strong dorsocentral setae gradually decreasing anteriorly with several hairlike setae in front of the 1st pair, 2 rows of short acrostichals. Propleura with 1 strong black seta and several short hairs. Scutellum with 2 strong setae.

Legs mostly yellow; fore coxa reddish-yellow, middle coxa brown, hind coxa mostly reddish-brown with yellow apex, apical segments of fore tarsus brown; middle and hind tarsi black from tip of basitarsus, hind tibia darkened at apex. Femora without long hairs. Fore coxa with black hairs and several apical setae. Fore tibia with 1 strong but short anterodorsal, 2 fine posterodorsal, 1 short posteroventral, 3 apical setae. Fore tarsus simple, fore basitarsus with short basoventral seta. Length ratio of fore coxa to femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 37 : 58 : 55 : 30 : 14 : 10 : 7 : 8. Middle femur with 1 subapical anterior seta. Middle tibia with 2 anterodorsal, 3 posterodorsal, 1 anteroventral and 5 apical setae. 1st to 3rd segments of middle tarsus each with elongate apical setula. Length ratio of middle coxa to femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 25 : 75 : 82 : 43 : 20 : 16 : 11 : 10. Hind femur with one subapical anterior seta. Hind tibia with 3 antero-, 2 posterodorsal, 2 short ventral, 2–3 apical setae. Hind basitarsus with 1 short basoventral, 1 short apicoventral and 1 strong middorsal setae. Length ratio of hind coxa to femur to tibia to tarsus (segments from first to fifth), 22 : 78 : 80 : 32 : 37 : 21 : 14 : 11.

Wing evenly greyish, without spots. Costa simple. R1 reaching to first third of wing. R2+3 and R4+5 almost straight, parallel at apex. Ratio of part of costa between R2+3 and R4+5 to this between R4+5 and M1+2, 20 : 15. M1+2 broken in middle of distal part, joining costal vein just before wing tip, with anteroproximal (basal part of M1) and posterodistal (M2) stublike veins 1/2 as long as or equal to m-m. R4+5 and distal part of M1 parallel. Crossveins m-m and m-cu nearly straight, almost perpendicular to corresponding longitudinal veins. Ratio of distal part of M1 to m-m to distal part of M1+2 to m-cu to distal part of CuA1, 62 : 6 : 32 : 21 : 33. Anal vein distinct, not reaching to wing margin; anal lobe pronounced; anal angle obtuse. Lower calypter yellow, with black setae. Halters yellow.

Abdomen green-black, whitish pollinose, with black hairs and marginal setae. 8th segment black, with short sparse black hairs. Epandrium large, elongate, twice longer than high, distinctly narrowed distad, with rounded apicoventral angle. Hypandrium basoventral, nearly half as long as epandrium, thin, with pointed apex, without dorsal tooth. Aedeagus thin and long, with small dorsal and 2 ventral teeth positioned far before apex. One small epandrial seta at middle of epandrium; another strong seta and several microscopic hairs positioned just before epandrial lobe. Epandrial lobe concealed, digitiform, bearing 2 apical setae. Surstylus bilobate; ventral lobe narrow, digitiform, rounded at apex, with 2 basolateral and 3 short apical setae; dorsal lobe of surstylus broad, longer than ventral, 2/3 as long as cercus, with several very short apicoventral and 2 stronger apicodorsal setae and shallow distal incision as figured. Distal unpaired epandrial process long, broad, with rounded apex, nearly as long as surstylus. Cercus rounded ventrally, longer than wide, with long wide stem, distinct distodorsal apex and straight black cilia half as long as width of cercus.

Female unknown.

Length (mm): body without antennae 2.6, antenna 0.7, wing-length 3.1, wing-width 1.1, hypopygium 1.1.

Etymology. The species is named for the Russian entomologist, Dr. Z.V. Nikolaeva.

Diagnosis. Habitus of L. nikolaevae is similar to L. fractinervis in almost all respects except morphology of hypopygium. CuA1 1.5 times longer than m-cu. Epandrium with rounded apicoventral angle. Hypandrium nearly half as long as epandrium, thin, with pointed apex, without dorsal tooth. Aedeagus with small dorsal and 2 ventral teeth positioned far before apex. Epandrial lobe bearing 2 apical setae. Surstylus with ventral lobe narrow, digitiform, rounded at apex, with 2 basolateral and 3 short apical setae; dorsal lobe of surstylus 2/3 as long as cercus, with several very short apicoventral and 2 stronger apicodorsal setae and shallow distal incision as figured. Distal unpaired epandrial process long, broad, with rounded apex, nearly as long as surstylus. Cercus rounded ventrally, longer than wide, with distinct distodorsal apex.

Distribution: Namibia.

Key to Afrotropical species of Lichtwardtia (males)

1. At least hind femur and tibia mostly blackish-brown .............. 2

– Femora and tibiae yellow; at most hind tibia blackish at apex .............. 3

2. Wing distinctly maculated at M2 and m-cu; 1^st flagellomere usually 1.5–2 times longer than high, with drawn-out or acute apex .............. L. angularis

– Wing hyaline; 1^st flagellomere rounded; Eritrea .............. L. aethiopica

3. Costa with long and broad thickening in basal half of wing; body 1.8 mm .............. L. mironovi

– Costa simple or with punctiform thickening at R1; larger species .............. 4

4. Last two segments of hind tarsus dilated; cercus triangular, longer than epandrium, with long pointed apex .............. L. sukharevae

– Hind tarsus simple; cercus small, usually rounded or oval, at most 1/3 as long as epandrium .............. 5

5. Epistome entirely metallic bluish-green; clypeus weakly pollinose; apicoventral epandrium lobe bifurcated; hypandrium without tooth .............. L. nigrotorquata

– Face densely white pollinose, rarely metallic shining under antenna; apicoventral epandrial lobe simple or absent .............. 6

6. Hind basitarsus with 1 reduced dorsal seta, at most 1/3 as long as basitarsus; cercus elongate-oval, twice longer than wide, with acute apex ................ 7

– Hind basitarsus with 1 strong dorsal seta, half as long as basitarsus; cercus usually rounded or subtriangular, at most 1.5 times longer than wide, rarely with distinct apex ............... 8

7. Distal part of M1+2 (from m-cu to m-m) 1.5 times longer than m-cu and 2/3 as long as distal part of M1 (from m-m to C); 2.25 mm ................ L. minuscula

– Distal part of M1+2 equal in length to m-cu and 1/3 as long as distal part of M1; 2.6–3.0 mm ................ L. emelyanovi

8. Fore tibia with one strong and long posterior seta, at least twice longer than diameter of tibia; apicoventral epandrial lobe undeveloped, with epandrial setae raising from epandrium ................ 9

– Fore tibia with one fine posterior seta, not longer or slightly longer than diameter of tibia; apicoventral epandrial lobe digitiform, though often concealed, bearing 2 setae ................ 11

9. Wing distinctly maculated at M2 and m-cu; distal unpaired epandrial process broad and rounded at apex; cercus rounded or oval, without distinct apex .............. L. angularis

– Wing evenly greyish or slightly infumated at M2 and m-cu; distal unpaired epandrial process narrow and pointed at apex; cercus with distinct distodorsal apex .............. 10

10. 1^st flagellomere 1.5 times longer than high; hypandrium with dorsal subapical tooth; ventral lobe of surstylus broad, with long basoventral seta and long thick apical spine directed basad ................ L. hollisi

– 1^st flagellomere as long as high; hypandrium without dorsal tooth; ventral lobe of surstylus narrow, with short setae ................ L. tikhonovi

11. CuA1 1.5 times longer than m-cu; face 3 times higher than wide; hypandrium without dorsal tooth; distal unpaired epandrial process broad and rounded at apex ................ L. nikolaevae

– CuA1 usually barely longer than m-cu; face usually 3.5–4 times higher than wide; hypandrium with dorsal subapical tooth; distal unpaired epandrial process narrow and pointed at apex ................ L. fractinervis

Acknowledgements

I express sincere gratitude to Dr. Brian Pitkin, Dr. Patrick Grootaert, Dr. Laslo Papp, Dr. Marc De Meyer, Dr. Rudolf Meier and Dr. Roy Danielsson for their kindness in furnishing an opportunity to study the collections of the Natural History Museum (London), the Royal Institute for Natural Sciences (Brussels), the Royal Museum for Central Africa (Tervuren, Belgium), the Hungarian Natural History Museum (Budapest), the Zoological Museum (Copenhagen) and Lund University (Sweden)

References

Dyte C.E. 1975. Family Dolichopodidae. In M.D.Delfinado & D.E.Hardy (eds). A Catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental Region. Univ. Haw. Press, Honolulu, II: 212–258.

Dyte C.E. & Smith K.G.V. 1980. Family Dolichopodidae. In R.W. Crosskey (ed.). Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London: 443–463.

Parent O. 1926. Notes synonymiques sur les espèce de Macquart (Dolichopodides). Ann. Soc. sci. Bruxelles, Ser. B, 46: 205–229.

Parent O. 1930. Especes nouvelles de Dolichopodides (Dipteres) conserves au Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Ann. Soc. sci. Bruxelles, Ser. B, 50: 86–115.

Parent O. 1937. Diptères Dolichopodides nouveaux du Congo Belge et du Maroc. Bul. Mus. roy. Hist. Nat. Belgique, 13(18): 1–19.

Remarks under figures

Figs 1–6, 8–10, 12, 13. Lichtwardtia spp. Hypopygium, lateral view (cercus usually covers surstylus; ventral setae on cercus are not figured).

Figs. 7, 11. Lichtwardtia spp. Surstyli, lateral view.

Fig. 1. L. angularis (Macquart)

Fig. 2. L. mironovi sp.n.

Fig. 3. L. sukharevae sp.n.

Fig. 4. L. minuscula (Parent)

Fig. 5. L. emelyanovi sp.n.

Figs. 6–7. L. hollisi sp.n.

Fig. 8. L. tikhonovi sp.n.

Figs. 9. L. fractinervis (Parent); Angola

Figs. 10–11. L. fractinervis (Parent); Congo (Kinshasa)

Fig. 12. L. nigrotorquata (Parent)

Fig. 13. L. nikolaevae sp.n.